Higher Education Institutional Leadership Board

Michael Berman is the Deputy CIO & Chief Innovation Officer at CSU Chancellor's Office ITS. He also holds a faculty appointment and teaches in the Computer Science and Information Technology programs. In past years he has been the senior technology administrator at three other universities. Michael chairs the Board of Trustees of NMC and has participated in the advisory committee for the NMC Horizon Reports on Higher Education since 2009. He was the co-founder in 2010 of EduSoCal, a regional conference that brings together more than 200 participants annually. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Rutgers University, and he has been a faculty member, a software developer, a systems administrator and a textbook author.


 

Thomas Cavanagh, Ph.D. is Vice Provost for Digital Learning at the University of Central Florida. In this role, he oversees the distance learning strategy, policies, and practices of the nation’s 2nd largest university. In his career, Tom has administered e-learning development for both academic (public and private) and industrial (Fortune 500, government/military) audiences. A regular presenter at academic and industry conferences, he is an award-winning instructional designer, program manager, faculty member, and administrator. He has served on a number of state and national educational technology advisory boards. His research interests include e-learning, technical communication, and the societal influence of technology on education, training, culture, and commerce. He is also an award-winning author of several mystery novels.

Paul Czarapata, Ed.D. is Vice President and Chief Information Officer for the Kentucky Community & Technical College System (KCTCS). In this role, Dr. Czarapata is responsible for guiding the strategic direction of technology across the system. KCTCS is comprised of 16 colleges and over 70 locations across the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He will be the first to tell you he is blessed to have a talented group of people with great ideas surrounding him and the intestinal fortitude to see them through at KCTCS. Originally from the suburbs of Chicago, Paul came to KCTCS in 1999 after working for PeopleSoft, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), and three small software consulting firms. Before coming to the IMS Board of Directors Paul served on the Higher Education User Group Board of Directors for three years.

Paul earned his education degrees at Northern Illinois University (Bachelor’s in Operations Management & Information Systems) and Morehead State University (MBA and Ed.D. in Educational Technology Leadership). He lives in Versailles, KY with his wife Melissa and son Alex. Paul is involved in several national and local organizations, but has a special place in his heart for little league baseball.

Christopher M. Davis, Ph.D. serves as the University of Maryland Global Campus’s Vice President of Academic Quality. In this role, he is responsible for assessment, institutional research, and academic innovation and evaluation. He has been a faculty member and administrator since 1997, serving at a variety of colleges and universities. He was most recently President of Western International University. Dr. Davis studied sociology as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, where he went on to complete a Ph.D. in Urban, Technological, and Environmental Planning. He also holds an MS in Higher Education Leadership from Capella University, an MS in Psychology from Walden University, and an MBA in IT and Accounting from Western International University.

Sean DeMonner has worked in the technology field for over 20 years in settings ranging from universities to commercial startups to established publicly-traded corporations. His professional experience includes functional management, organizational development, strategic planning, product development, and project and portfolio management. His broad technical background spans general IT applicationsand infrastructure, web and multimedia design and development, and delivery of related services.

Mr. DeMonner is currently responsible for enterprise academic technology and directs the Teaching & Learning organization for the University of Michigan’s Information Technology Services division. He holds a BA in English Literature from UC Santa Barbara and an MA in Educational Technology from the University of Michigan. He lives in Ann Arbor with his wife and two children.

Rob Ditto is a Technical Director for the IDEA Courseware Team at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. After nine years managing content delivery technology for several interactive media firms, Rob went “back to school” in 1997, helping Wharton launch its award-winning WebCafe service supporting faculty teaching and student collaboration in the School’s group-learning-oriented curriculum. Rob was recognized as a Computerworld Honors Laureate in 2004 for the WebCafe project and by Wharton in 2006 as a recipient of the School’s 125th Anniversary Employee Recognition Award. Beginning in 2011, Rob helped bring the Canvas LMS to Wharton first, and then to Penn as a whole, leading to a University of Pennsylvania Models of Excellence honorable mention award in 2013. Rob holds a Bachelor of Science in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.

Elias Eldayrie currently serves as the Vice President and Chief Information Officer for the University of Florida. He is responsible for the strategic planning and development of Information Technology (IT) at UF including all policies, staff management and organizational development, central IT operations, and administration of all enterprise computing systems. The University of Florida has become the first Florida school to break into the list of top 10 best public universities, coming in at No. 9, 2018 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges rankings.

Mr. Eldayrie served as chair of Florida LambdaRail (FLR), a member of the EDUCAUSE Information Technology Governance Risk and Compliance Program (IT-GRC), member of the Program Committee for EDUCAUSE, a member of the Internet2 High Performance & Research Computing Program Advisory Group (HRPC-PAG), and serves on the Board of Unizin.  Mr. Eldayrie received a bachelor's degree in computer science and an MBA, both from the University at Buffalo.

Jason Fish is the Director of Teaching and Learning Technologies at Purdue University where he is responsible for providing leadership in technology initiatives that support instruction. He holds a BA in Computer Technology, an MBA, and his currently pursuing his PhD. The work of his group has been featured by the New York Times, CNET, and The Chronicle of Higher Education.

Stephen Gance, Ph.D., Policy Associate, Educational Technology & Open Education, State Board for Community & Technical Colleges (SBCTC) located in Olympia, Washington. SBCTC coordinates and directs the Washington state system of 34 public community and technical colleges.

The Educational Technology & Open Education group identifies and promotes innovative strategies in technology-enhanced learning and manages system-wide grants and contracts for multiple educational technologies. Steve is tasked with tracking relevant educational technology integration and data standards associated with OpenBadges, Comprehensive Learner Record, CASE, and accessibility.

Steve earned undergraduate and master’s degrees in computer science from the University of Colorado in Boulder and a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in Curriculum and Instruction with a specialization in Educational Technology. He has over 20 years experience in higher education and 15 years experience in the software industry.

Andy Goldstein serves as the Assistant Director for Academic Technology—Learning Solutions, within the Division of Information Technology (DoIT) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Andy works with institutional leadership and key stakeholders to distill strategic priorities and develop, implement, operationalize and manage technical solutions and infrastructure in support of the campus learning technology ecosystem. Over his 20 years as an IT professional, he has worked as consultant, strategist, architect, software developer and Cloud implementor in a variety settings, including Fortune 500 businesses, non-profit organizations and public institutions.

 

At Oregon State University, David Goodrum serves as Director of Academic Technology for Information Services, the central IT organization. Academic Technology's mission is to enrich OSU's academic ecosystem, enable innovative pedagogy and information sharing through the effective use of technology, and enhance the student experience.

In a prior position at Indiana University, David Goodrum served as director of Teaching and Learning Technologies for University Information Technology Services. Goodrum has been involved in conducting pilot evaluations and functional analysis of multiple learning management systems and related collaboration and media management tools. 

David received his B.A. degrees in English and German, M.A.T. in German Languages, and Ed.D. in Instructional Systems Technology from Indiana University Bloomington. His dissertation is available at the permanent URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/20909 -- Relative Utility of Three Models for User Evaluations of Learning Management Systems: A Higher-Ed Institution Decision Context.

Susan Grajek is EDUCAUSE's Vice President for Partnerships, Communities, and Research. She is responsible for EDUCAUSE research and benchmarking programs, communities of practice, and the IT Issues Panel, which releases the Top 10 IT Issues annually. She also coordinates EDUCAUSE partnership activities. She is currently spearheading EDUCAUSE’s digital transformation initiative.

Before joining EDUCAUSE, she spent over 25 years at Yale University in a variety of IT management and leadership positions. Grajek, who has a Ph.D. in research psychology from Yale, held a faculty appointment in the Yale University School of Medicine's Department of Epidemiology and Public Health.

Avi Hyman is the University of Toronto's Director of Academic & Collaborative Technologies. He is an anthropologist with a doctoral degree from OISE, who has, for the past couple of decades, been fortunate to have positions which have allowed him to think both strategically about technology in higher education, and actualize ideas on an operational day-to-day level. 

He is cross-appointed to the university’s Centre for Teaching Support & Innovation (the faculty development centre), and the university’s Information Technology Services division (Office of the CIO). He also acts as an “ambassador” of sorts between central IT and the University’s Library System. Avi is an unabashed advocate of a standards-based approach to higher education technologies, and the philosophy of open access / open source learning. His landing page is http://uoft.me/avi

Dale is the director of digital innovation for the University Design Institute at Arizona State University. He works with faculty, staff, and technology partners to develop and implement digital solutions to enable student success. He has spoken on the topic of digital innovation in higher education at more than 20 conferences in the USA, Rwanda, Brazil, South Korea, Germany, Mexico, Russia, and Vietnam, and led workshops on the subject at numerous universities. Dale has a bachelor of science in design degree from ASU and a master in public policy degree from Harvard University.

Lee Johnston, Associate Vice Chancellor of Competency Technology at Brandman University, is a community-minded ed-tech leader with a crisp vision focused on the development of the next generation learning platform that enables educational innovation. His teams create products that advance the art of online learning with big-data analytics and advanced technologies that allow institutions to deliver new flexible educational programs efficiently.  Lee has five years of full-time college-level teaching experience along with 15-years of hands-on and executive-level technology leadership roles at private, public four-year, and two-year institutions. Lee holds a Master of Science in Computer Information Technology degree from Regis University and was awarded the Bronze Star and Presidential Unit Citation for his service in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Moges Kelklie is the director of technology strategy and architecture at Strategic Education Inc. (SEI). He is a lifetime learner and always researching how learning can be better in an interconnected digital world. In his primary role, Moges oversees the technologies that SEI uses to power its digital learning platform. He has a master’s degree in business administration degree from Jack Welch Management Institute and a Bachelor of Science in computer science from George Mason University.

Dr. Vince Kellen currently serves as the chief information officer for the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), as well as a member of the Chancellor's Cabinet, and vice chancellor and chief financial officer's senior management team. UCSD is recognized as a top 15 university world-wide and 7th best public university in the world, with over $1 billion in annual research funding, 34,000 students, 16 Nobel laureates who have taught on its campus and 161 faculty with national Academy memberships.

Dr. Kellen brings a rare combination of academic, business and IT strategy experience to his role, with a focus on transformational leadership within IT, applying leading edge approaches to current business challenges.  His twenty-five years of executive-level information technology experience offers a proven track record of successfully integrating innovative applications of information technology into all aspects of teaching, learning, and student success.  These innovations have resulted in markedly improved efficiencies and enhanced learning environments, as well as fruitful, collaborative relationships with researchers, faculty, staff, and students across all levels of higher education and the world. 

Dr. Kellen formerly served as the senior vice provost of Analytics and Technologies for the University of Kentucky, one of the top public research institutions and academic medical centers in the US., where his areas of responsibility included institutional research and analytics, enterprise software, research computing, academic technology, IT infrastructure and cloud services, and supporting the university’s 17 colleges, 30,000 students, and 14,000 faculty and staff.  Prior to that role, he held the position of chief information officer for three years. 

Mary-Ellen Kreher has more than 30 years experience in K-12 and Higher Education, including teaching and curriculum design, educational software and learning aps development, learning management and student information systems, and online education.  In her 30-year career working with learning institutions, education companies, and publishers, Mary-Ellen has led many innovative product initiatives aimed at increasing access to learning and student success. She joined the University of California’s Office of the President in 2012 to lead online course design and academic technology development. Through the Provost’s Innovative Learning Technology Initiative, Mary-Ellen now oversees a cross-campus effort to build online courses and develop the underlying systems and technologies that enable students across the UC system to enroll in and take these courses online.

Patrick Laughran has over a decade of diverse experience within Higher Education, including senior administration positions at both private and public institutions, as well as two stints as founding Chief Technology Officer for companies within online media and e-learning industries.  He is also an instructor for an online MBA program, teaching courses on strategies for information resource management and enterprise growth through innovation.  Mr. Laughran holds an M.B.A. from Babson College and B.S.B.A. from Northeastern University.  He is currently Chief Information Officer at Framingham State University with responsibility for the oversight of all information technology and services, including educational technology and distance education support.

 

Meggan Levitt, Ph.D. PMP is currently Assistant Vice Provost and Associate Chief Information Officer for Academic Applications at University of California Davis. In her current role, Meggan leads the planning and delivery of information system solutions that enable the university's core educational and research mission. Meggan manages educational technologies that support teaching and learning in classrooms and online, including learning management systems, instructional media creation and instructional design. Meggan also coordinates research IT concierge services and oversees UC Davis’ administrative systems that support critical processes related to students including admissions, enrollment, registration, orientation, financial aid, advising, student activities, student health, and career services.

 

Meggan previously worked for UC Berkeley, Georgia Tech, Emory University, Westminster College in Salt Lake City and the University of Texas at Austin. She earned her Master’s degree from the University of Texas at Austin and her Ph.D. in Educational Leadership, Higher Education at Mercer University in Atlanta, Georgia.

 

Michelle Lew is the Director of Teaching and Learning Technologies at UCLA's Center for the Advancement of Teaching. In addition to contributing to a variety of campus IT initiatives and governance committees, Michelle is responsible for campus-wide programs and services that use technology to enhance student learning. Her portfolio includes UCLA's Learning Management System and related ecosystem tools as well as media-related services including lecture capture, instructional media production, and video streaming.


Michelle received her Bachelor of Arts degree from UCLA and she earned her MBA from USC's Marshall School of Business.

Mark McCallister is the Director of Academic Technology at the University of Florida, where he has served for 24 years in various roles. Mark is currently responsible for the teaching, learning, and user support services provided through UF Information Technology, and serving on the Vice President and CIO’s senior leadership team. Units falling under Mark’s direction include the Center for Instructional Technology and Training, which includes central instructional design, web and graphic design, multimedia development, and IT training and education teams, the UF Computing Help Desk and IT Service Management teams, and central workspace technology support team. Mark oversees the design and support of centrally managed eLearning environments and physical learning spaces at University of Florida campus, as well as video & collaboration services, public service computing in libraries and computer labs, assessment technology support, and software application & desktop virtualization services. 

Mark served as President of CCUMC: Leadership in Media & Academic Technology in 2010-2011, and in other roles on CCUMC's Board of Directors from 2008-2012. Mark has presented on learning space design and academic technology topics at CCUMC, EDUCAUSE, ACM SIGUCCS, EduComm, Next Generation Learning Spaces, the 2011 and 2014 SCHOMS conferences in the United Kingdom, and was an invited keynote speaker at the 2012 Learning Space Design Summit in Sydney, Australia. Mark holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and a Master of Education in Higher Education Administration.

Kimberly Moore, JD, is the Director for Workforce, Professional and Community Education (WPCE) at Wichita State University (WSU). She has 30 years of experience in developing and coordinating workforce and professional development programming. A former state government administrator and corporate lobbyist, Kim served as Associate Director of the WSU Division of Continuing Education from 1996–2014. In October 2014, she was appointed Interim Director and served in that capacity until March, 2015 when she was appointed Director of WPCE.  Kimberly received her bachelor’s and Juris Doctor degrees from Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas.  

Renee Pfeifer-Luckett is the Director, Learning Technology Development for the University of Wisconsin System Administration (UWSA) which she joined in 2014. She is responsible for systemwide learning technologies and is currently leading a systemwide project that identified and synthesized emerging trends in technology and needs of teaching and learning to transform the system's digital learning environment. Prior to joining UWSA, Renee was with the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater for 11 years, first as a full-time Lecturer in Marketing teaching face-to-face, blended, and online course formats. In 2010, she joined the institution’s Central IT group as Director, and was responsible for campus learning and classroom technologies, as well as IT training. She has presented extensively at national and international venues including EDUCAUSE, EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative (ELI), D2L Fusion, Online Learning Consortium, ISSOTL, Instructure Conference, IMS Global Learning Consortium, Sloan-C, POD, and SALT on the topics of teaching and learning technologies, online teaching best practices, and innovation in technology procurement. Prior to her career in higher education, Renee enjoyed more than 15 years of business experience working for public and private companies including Heidrick & Struggles, Arthur Andersen, and Arrow Companies. She earned an MBA with dual emphasis in marketing and technology & training, and a BA in French.

John Rome is the Deputy Chief Information Officer and a 20+ year employee of Arizona State University. His career started at ASU in the University Technology Office (UTO) and he has worked closely with a variety of departments including: Data Administration, Institutional Research, the President's Office, Budget Department, and the Provost Office.

John has led ASU's Data Administration, UTO's Business Intelligence (BI), UTO's Application Development and ERP Systems (PeopleSoft), and UTO's Academic Technologies. John is a pioneer of data warehousing/BI in higher education, building ASU's first Data Warehouse around 1992. He also introduced dashboards to ASU in 2006. John has coached higher education institutions and industry on best practices, including the strategic importance of Bl. He is frequently asked to speak on the topic of analytics.

Mr. Rome has focused the last six years on dashboards/design/academic analytics and most recently, big data. As part of his role in UTO, John focuses his attention on architecting IT Service Management (ITSM) solutions based on the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) best practice framework. John holds a Bachelor of Arts from Clarke University (Iowa) and a Master of Business Administration from Arizona State University.

Rob Sapp has been a pioneer and innovator in eLearning, digital media, adaptive instruction, learning analytics, and the application of information technology to primary, secondary and post-secondary education for over 30 years. A tireless advocate for quality student experiences, Dr. Sapp has amassed a proven record in multiple senior and executive positions as a nexus between executive, technical, administrative and educational professionals. He has demonstrated great facility in academia and private industry in positions of senior and executive management. A strong and seasoned mentor, he has consistently demonstrated a penchant for recognizing talent and aptitude and working closely with staff to assist them in realizing their potential. He has led technical departments of varied sizes from startups with small teams of disparate skills to established organizations with over 160 employees.

Dr. Sapp holds a Doctor of Education from the University of Pennsylvania where his dissertation, "Creating and Applying Criteria to Evaluate Online Continuing Medical Education" was defended with distinction. He also holds a Master of Science in Educational Technology from the Johns Hopkins University and a Master of Arts in Instructional Design from the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC). His undergraduate degree is in English, also from UMBC.

Dr. Sapp is currently the Founding Dean for the School of Technology and a Professor of Data Science at Northcentral University. He has also held faculty appointments at University of Maryland University College, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and The Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Sapp is an elected member of the Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society and has served as a member of the Technical Board of IMS Global Learning Consortium. He has also been a trustee of the Anne Arundel County Public Library System, National Board of Fitness Examiners, the Gibson Island Country School and a Mentor for FRC Team 2377, FIRST Robotics.

Marianne Schroeder is responsible for teaching and learning technologies at the University of British Columbia, including learning application development, integrations into the ecosystem, course development and analysis of learning data.

Dr. Vernon C. Smith serves as the Provost of the American Public University System (American Military University and American Public University) by leading innovation for access, equity, and quality, while reducing costs and barriers to student success. This includes the promotion of Open Educational Resources (OERs) and the use of big data for predictive modeling and teaching excellence.

 

Prior to American Public University System, Dr. Smith served as Vice Provost, Distributed Learning and Instructional Technology at the University of the Pacific (Stockton, Sacramento, San Francisco) as well as oversaw the successful launch of Portmont College at Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles) through MyCollege Foundation, a Bill and Melinda Gates funded initiative where he served as the founding Chief Academic Officer and Provost. He served as Vice President of Academic Affairs at Rio Salado College (Tempe), the largest public, online two-year community college. He has an extensive background in distance learning issues and practices, including effective assessment and retention strategies, and the use of big data for predictive modeling and student success.

Jennifer Sparrow is the Associate Vice President for Teaching and Learning with Technology, Penn State University (TLT) at Penn State. TLT works to help PSU faculty take advantage of information technology to enrich the educational experiences of their students and to champion the creative and innovative uses of technology for teaching, learning, and research.

She was previously Senior Director of Networked Knowledge Ventures and Emerging Technologies at Virginia Tech. For more than 15 years, she has championed the use of technology to engage students in the learning process. She has a passion for working with faculty to explore new technologies and their potential implementations in teaching and learning. She loves working with faculty who are willing to push the boundaries of the leading edge of technology in teaching, learning, and research. Her current projects involve the convergence of technologies and learning spaces to create interactive and engaging learning opportunities. Jennifer's conversations around technology focus on increasing digital fluency for students, faculty, and lifelong learners.

Jenn Stringer is responsible for the strategic direction of academic computing on the campus and for services that support classroom technologies and video capture and production, faculty instructional technology support, the campus LMS and student portal, and student computing. Prior to Berkeley she has been Director for Academic Technology Services at New York University and Director of Educational Technology at Stanford University School of Medicine. She has worked in libraries and the educational research arena since 1989. She has managed public services and computers labs in libraries and educational technology grants supporting medical education and designed unique learning spaces that support collaborative teaching and learning activities. She graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz with honors in History and completed her Masters in Library and Information Science from San Jose State University. 

Mr. John "Jack" Suess is Vice President of Information Technology and Chief Information Officer (CIO) for the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). As Vice President, he provides university leadership for information technology at UMBC and serves on the executive leadership team of the university. He is responsible for providing information technology services in support of teaching and scholarship, research computing, and administrative support. Reporting directly to the President, he is responsible for strategic planning and implementation, coordination, budget, personnel, and policy related to information technology at UMBC.

Since 2000, Mr. Suess has been very active nationally in the areas of cybersecurity, identity management, analytics, and cloud computing and has served in a number of national information technology leadership activities with EDUCAUSE, Internet2, and InCommon. His recent activities include participating in the Internet2 Board of Directors (2010-2013), InCommon (2009-Present), Internet2 Council and Program Advisory Committees (2008-Present), ECAR Strategies Working Group (2013-Present), Higher Education Information Security Council (HEISC) (2000-Present, Chair 2003-2006), REN-ISAC Executive Advisory Group (2006-2013), Center for Higher Education CIO Studies (CHECS) (2013-Present), and the National Strategy for Trusted Identity in Cyberspace (NSTIC) (2012-Present).

Dr. Kelvin Thompson works to make online and blended learning even better a little bit every day. Kelvin writes, speaks, and consults within the US higher education community. He has also created many resources at UCF for use by others (e.g., the Teaching Online Pedagogical Repository; the Faculty Seminars in Online Teaching; and the BlendKit Course). He also co-hosts the popular “TOPcast: The Teaching Online Podcast.” As executive director of UCF’s Center for Distributed Learning, he assures the successful operation and strategic goal meeting of this 80 member organization. Kelvin Thompson holds an EdD in curriculum and instruction and an MA in instructional systems technology from UCF and a Bachelor of Music Education degree from Florida State University.

Paul Turner is the Director of Learning Platforms in the Office of Information Technologies. Paul works closely with faculty and students to support the growing need for advanced digital and collaborative technologies to support teaching and learning. He has also worked closely the past ten years with various campus groups to design innovative learning spaces and leads a team dedicated to exploring emerging technologies with applications for teaching, learning, and research. A 1978 graduate of the University of South Carolina (B.A. Philosophy/Physics), Paul also has a Masters degree from The George Washington University (Education) and completed an advanced graduate study in Information Science and Learning Technologies at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Paul annually co-teaches a course in Applied Multimedia for the Computing and Digital Technologies program in the College of Arts & Letters.

Bryan Woodhouse is the Associate Vice President for Strategic Partnerships and Innovation at Madison College. In this role Bryan oversees the Center for Entrepreneurship, the School of Professional and Continuing Education, customized training platforms, The Center for Early College and Workforce Strategy, the School of Business and Applied Arts, and the Digital Credentials Institute. In addition to delivery high quality degree programming this cross functional unit serves as the primary driver of cost recovery initiatives and the development of new business models for the college.

Prior to this role, Bryan served as the Dean for the School of Business and Applied Arts at Madison College, and as a Regional Director for Adult and Continuing Education at Concordia University Wisconsin. Bryan is also an instructor at Concordia University Wisconsin having taught courses in Student Success, Management, and Business Ethics.

Bryan has been recognized by the League for Innovation in the Community College for excellence in leadership, and serves on the Workforce Development Board of South Central Wisconsin.

Bryan resides in Fitchburg, Wisconsin, with his wife, two sons, and their two dogs. Bryan enjoys many outdoor activities including hiking, camping, hunting, fishing, biking and snowmobiling.