Organization: McGraw-Hill Product Name: AP Brinkley American History Connecting with the Past Updated 2017 Product Version: 1.3 Source: IMS Online Validator Profile: t1.3.0 Identifier: tcc_v1p3 Timestamp: Wednesday, November 11, 2020 01:52 PM EST Status: VALID! Conformant: true ----- VALID! ----- Resource Validation Results The document is valid. ----- VALID! ----- Schema Location Results Schema locations are valid. ----- VALID! ----- Schema Validation Results The document is valid. ----- VALID! ----- Schematron Validation Results The document is valid. Curriculum Standards: KC-4.1.II.C Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. - 0CBC994C-5B73-4637-A8BF-8B26FD0416D1 2.A Identify a source's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience. - 688BF6BD-4DAC-4161-A139-195FF30AB101 KC-3.2.I.D In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture. - 02712CAD-D9F2-4C33-8AF7-136229FF31E4 KC-6.1.I Large-scale industrial production, accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies, generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. - 70F97DDE-E278-4D54-82F8-A6F920C7E12D KC-6.1.III.B Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations. - FE2CD8CA-424B-48BD-B936-9D45A4DCEA0C KC-3.2.II.B The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government. - 56B3D168-A256-43E4-89F0-B1FA9A74127A KC-7.3.II World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation's role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. - 5ABD88E5-27C0-4986-9916-7CD238DF4766 KC-7.3.III.C.ii Military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war's duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. - 6DE1F5EA-E126-4B09-9A6B-1E797D7E2C01 KC-8.1.II.C.ii Americans debated the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy. - 70AD5E93-511A-4B28-BC34-308CB5B69AE8 KC-2.2.II.B As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. - F748FE4E-57DB-4859-B4B6-1B84EA2A0DB4 KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. - 13737553-7246-4FE2-ACB0-975E24E4074B KC-2.2.I Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. - E1F04990-1614-489B-8165-FA3AC8D52303 KC-4.3.I.B Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. - 236E5B4F-8394-4CD3-AB97-146BA2A46737 KC-4.2.II The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers' lives, and gender and family relations. - 0246DDCB-8205-47F2-A983-F077D2434B9C KC-6.1.I.C As the price of many goods decreased, workers' real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans' standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew. - 1FE12506-514D-4D7E-B9A9-41FB676D435E KC-7.1.III During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism. - 19A21819-F7D9-4EDD-91E5-3C35BD06A869 KC-7.1.III.A Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy. - 1DE041E9-EE34-422F-8019-201CB1A44A63 KC-1.2.II.C European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. - FCD2883B-4E6D-422A-9A26-C9F86FC45A31 KC-9.2.II.B International migration from Latin America and Asia increased dramatically. The new immigrants affected U.S. culture in many ways and supplied the economy with an important labor force. - 8D6FE4CD-E8B1-46DD-9200-F40BC8B99867 KC-4.2.II.B The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite, but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor. - 3F8B639F-F198-437B-B182-BCEF4BE883A2 KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states. - 2F8B6711-C369-455A-BE45-E2C44CD72356 KC-9.2.I.B Technological innovations in computing, digital mobile technology, and the internet transformed daily life, increased access to information, and led to new social behaviors and networks. - FB95A40A-5989-4AE0-96C8-3A6A196CA0D8 KC-5.3.II.D Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South. - 5E1F3ED0-6028-4DF9-A604-5E95C97F5E53 KC-8.1.I.C The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente). - B01F0847-2C95-408C-B141-49865056889B KC-5.2.I.A The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. - 6DD98F01-44F3-4DDA-96AC-C5AF7DD156D9 KC-2.1.III Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. - 2C5099E8-45B0-4A75-B59E-D046CD86F821 KC-3.3.II The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. - 1A0C40D7-7E3B-40D3-9F87-E73A069B3E39 KC-4.1.I The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. - F422300D-2982-47B7-AE14-289B19C84A01 KC-3.3.II.A The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River. - 0BA7A75C-1AFA-4B6C-8187-EDC715CC81AD KC-6.1.III.C Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People's (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system. - 9B2DD11B-B519-49BB-8E5D-3648948D5610 KC-4.3.I.A.ii The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. - BC2B94DE-B6FD-433E-9DBA-D0824CD340DA KC-3.1.II.C The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women. - 840DF9E3-B235-41AD-9D1C-61590BD300B3 4.A Identify and describe a historical context for a specific historical development or process. - C6F8FF1E-D651-4CE7-BA27-9A6295CFCF8A KC-3.1.II.E Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies. - E53146B1-924A-40B1-883C-36E45026A82C KC-3.1.I.A Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy. - 3E538CCA-5D4D-4747-AEDA-E32F8B8D43B3 KC-5.3.I.A Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. - 7636AD32-E002-4F58-B83C-5A02E8FD1BA6 KC-6.1.I.B.ii Businesses made use of redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods. - B83200EC-67B1-4AF7-9BDC-F8E1F13A2B8B KC-4.1.I.C By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose, the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay, that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. - C52BC81B-2229-449F-B377-0A54E528D7BE KC-5.2.II.D Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. - 6F1CC4A6-B4D8-45F4-BAA9-B71205CA61EE KC-2.2.I Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. - 0F679911-04EF-4712-9165-FB0AB81B6F4F KC-7.3.III.D The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific "island-hopping" and the D-Day invasion. The use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons. - BD9C3686-3339-4914-9B3A-7B2D330D41B2 KC-2.1.I Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. - 5844C5A6-674B-4954-936D-EBE95C778650 KC-1.1.I.C In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. - B76AEC3A-149F-47BC-9983-656E446F7975 KC-3.3.I.A Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the United States, seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the United States and Britain. - A71BF21F-AAEA-46C4-B896-40FF96882A9E KC-7.3.I.A Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was "closed" to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe. - 32DD1035-CB87-49F2-B0B1-1BD83F234033 KC-8.1.II.D Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy. - B48EAE8C-FB8C-4BBE-9B36-B29DB8FB4D66 KC-8.2.II.B Latino, American Indian, and Asian American movements continued to demand social and economic equality and a redress of past injustices. - DE866D84-3ED0-4389-9D25-D345CE8066A2 KC-5.1.I.C The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican-American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. - 07E9E535-EE46-41AA-A8BD-206FDF701CEE KC-5.2.II.B.i The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850. - B6FBBBFA-3FF5-43BB-953E-A41190D66A80 KC-3.1.II The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. - 28C81B2B-6527-42F6-954C-43C3127CDA2A KC-6.2.II.C As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. - DFB9B1B8-8AA6-437C-84D9-098C388D9966 KC-3.2.II.C.ii Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. - 22019D53-BC7F-4F3A-BD31-0A13EF45BBC2 3 Continuity and Change - 9930B2C2-B7C7-4111-8237-7690D3B9189C 4.B Explain how a specific historical development or process is situated within a broader historical context. - E3D7F04F-FC12-46F0-BFDA-4ED0AE507A56 6.A Make a historically defensible claim. - F5E28412-BE46-4F5A-83F5-BF263DBBA9C2 KC-6.3.II.B.ii Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, and promoting social and political reform. - A3B04E98-669F-4071-8E58-990C0F4BB9BC 3.D Explain how claims or evidence support, modify, or refute a source's argument. - EB8CA757-69C0-46E1-9763-454FB92C6965 KC-4.2.I.C Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South. - 6A4D79AA-2832-4679-8991-377F26F7065D KC-3.3.I.C As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory. - 773FBFB8-F49B-48C0-AA9B-E588B8D48FF2 KC-3.3.I In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. - 2D12A81B-EC30-4C22-A49A-F5243E50735B KC-6.1.I.E.ii Foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America. - 46DC787E-6920-4DD0-B962-AE215FE36C33 KC-8.3.I.C Immigrants from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965. - 0FF7C254-1973-44AD-B910-F2BD742E73C1 KC-3.2.II.D The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808. - 73866AC1-B770-4163-90BC-3D3A8C262C71 KC-6.2.II.E Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices. - D63C1F9D-BF42-44FC-ABC5-9AE3399D03E1 KC-8.1.I.A As postwar tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-Communist nations. - AE6B2632-A377-44B3-99A9-B8C40D5E0A9A KC-6.3.I.A Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable. - 53C7CF11-4331-4CEE-A887-34183D048BA5 KC-7.1.III.B Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal's scope. - D1556032-585E-40D5-A834-D76965E19567 KC-8.3.I Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years. - 4BBD7470-3186-4225-AC07-22F45A581876 KC-1.2.I.C Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. - 18001E9F-3274-4FA5-BF1E-88E4322D9C01 KC-2.2.II Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. - DAE8647C-326C-4691-89DD-DD969CF84216 KC-3.2.III.B Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties, most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. - 2456BF7E-EBB6-49FA-8C76-075A8EF6258A KC-7.1.III.C Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working-class communities identified with the Democratic Party. - 6443039B-3A44-4503-AD09-5211C903E13C KC-3.2.I.E The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements. - B3EDD087-B0A7-4F6A-9970-11AECB33C9D0 KC-4.2.III.D Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. - 5579C93F-847A-4A5D-B0EB-5E6B3BEFE155 KC-8.2.III Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement. - CC6667E9-6C5D-46AE-843D-ADCCA7495BB5 KC-7.1.I.A New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems. - 8F833411-A78B-40F2-AD90-BE2FAB439764 KC-7.3.III.C.i Mobilization provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war's duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans. - CA3E9D6F-4150-4CD8-B5A8-2D265D47D240 KC-3.2.III.D Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture. - 809FDB55-EB6F-469C-9C60-831FA79B23BF KC-5.3.I.D Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure. - BBA1DD76-ADE4-4685-B350-7B1B44A89E95 KC-2.1.II.D The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. - A3817985-FFD5-4376-BBFA-3A924912C8A2 KC-9.3.I.B Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War. - 3D546C43-D551-4E6E-ACF9-D65AF5A23830 KC-3.1.II.A The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. - 908F2B6D-10C3-48CF-A1A9-0DC06EFCE7C1 KC-8.2.III.E Public confidence and trust in government's ability to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, and foreign policy crises. - A6DBC9BF-C765-4D67-BF83-FFCAE75D64FA KC-4.3.II The United States' acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. - 54537DA1-BADB-4DF7-BE8A-3750B7CDA584 KC-8.2.III.A Liberalism, based on anti-communism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s. - E725EF98-BC3A-41DA-AB85-6B1525F2A695 KC-4.1.I.A In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. - 854B64EA-F045-4FB2-8D43-9D4AD8D7F037 KC-4.2.I.A Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. - C098B59D-60B2-4C01-B52E-8B82BB80ED00 KC-8.2.III.F The 1970s saw growing clashes between conservatives and liberals over social and cultural issues, the power of the federal government, race, and movements for greater individual rights. - 2025AE74-1242-407A-81DD-D35B05E4A439 KC-2.1.II.E Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. - 74705072-22E3-46B2-B306-00987868640A KC-7.1.I.C Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system. - 9A09A359-124D-4D47-B607-4E756D40B3E1 KC-9.2.I New developments in science and technology enhanced the economy and transformed society, while manufacturing decreased. - 08D7079B-72A6-443D-8A04-B72B586BB368 KC-3.3.II The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. - F7146460-712A-4616-BFED-B6B22D0E6927 KC-6.1.I.A Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America. - BB159EB6-1159-493E-B3EE-D4F888062DEC KC-6.1.III.A Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices. - 3404D4C1-D8EA-436B-9B3D-4BCE6FEA8B2E KC-7.3.II.E In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II. - AFF5E89A-F9CE-46D9-8F41-A18C1EE9E8D4 KC-8.2.II.C Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem. - 4CE6D11B-1A13-4971-8229-9AD1CAE4A75B KC-3.2.I.A Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans' view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty. - 37DFB691-6513-4D12-A96C-F7DE78483F22 KC-6.2.I.B Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers. - 405B98EC-FA07-40EA-99F9-01025D1FB62A KC-7.1.II.D The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction. - 0EB79CDD-FC91-4D26-AAD7-902090198A70 KC-2.1.III.D The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade. - 0B57575E-2C48-4EFD-A12D-8A7C327BBFCB KC-9.3.II.A In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001, the United States launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. - 2C5FD6A7-407B-401D-B2CA-7AAB6BB1837A KC-6.1.II.A Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns. - 4A741EC7-F63A-4F48-84DF-970F235FDB07 KC-5.3.I The North's greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. - CEBA0745-6D77-4EF9-A242-618A9B68C35C KC-3.2.II After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. - 870025E3-2C5C-4677-B109-E4182EE9E669 KC-5.2.II.C The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North. - EDBC8417-42E1-425A-8888-20C008AC107F KC-2.1.III Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. - C8CA349E-8A65-40CE-B968-9BF9886CBA4E KC-3.1.I.C After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands. - D801F9CA-7C39-41E1-9398-90B666D7797D 6.C Use historical reasoning to explain relationships among pieces of historical evidence. - 2565EA47-7CC8-4AE2-9C54-1A374AE5676C KC-2.1.I Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. - 3B30FDD7-3C66-4F78-B2D1-0CE77AA1EE75 KC-3.3.II.C George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances. - 85D28006-0063-4AD9-A2F6-54517F7AF87F KC-4.3.II.A As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. - 742CA0B1-60F4-4515-B28D-8484BAFF96EB KC-4.2.II.C Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. - C8D42451-BF31-46B4-97B3-52E7D11F786A KC-7.1.II.C Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources. - DFA92A75-0810-4FAA-9875-631E01FDB83B KC-4.1.III Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. - 010333DA-3FD1-43D0-97A6-0A6D7D4CE3D8 5 Making Connections - 09865C06-FB14-48AB-8C74-E74AE99302A5 4.1.III.B Various groups of American Indians, women, and religious followers developed cultures reflecting their interests and experiences, as did regional groups and an emerging urban middle class. - c42f64a3-40b3-4deb-8271-2deae1d6b19b KC-4.1.II.A.ii The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. - F9F1376E-B505-478F-89D1-236250AA9525 KC-4.1.III.C A women's rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. - 665D252A-C995-498E-BEA4-3B54FAE3C04F KC-8.3.II.A Mass culture became increasingly homogeneous in the postwar years, inspiring challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth. - EF151038-1372-4BEF-8D98-C0CF46187C27 KC-2.1.III.C Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups. - C94B2D92-242D-4BB2-85F1-155EA73BCC68 KC-5.2.II.B.ii The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. - 55C6CA45-6B08-4F8D-B8DC-72D9841DCCC5 KC-9.1.I Conservative beliefs regarding the need for traditional social values and a reduced role for government advanced in U.S. politics after 1980. - 7244F7C5-5D46-4AD8-89EB-6A80122235DB KC-7.1.I.B By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. - E856D571-91B7-499A-ABE7-307D1899800B KC-9.2.I.A Economic productivity increased as improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation in worldwide economic opportunities. - C0A3E316-B466-486A-88AE-B21A7D0910AC KC-9.1.I.B Conservatives argued that liberal programs were counterproductive in fighting poverty and stimulating economic growth. Some of their efforts to reduce the size and scope of government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programs remained popular with voters. - D36A7955-4224-4884-979B-12CFB61C46F3 KC-3.1.I The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. - 723D0A89-1622-4449-8D1A-91D9B56F0938 KC-4.2.I.B Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. - B61FB133-A628-4C62-A2E4-AFAB6F426C92 KC-5.2.II.A The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. - DA3890D3-55A3-4B8E-B8B1-42AB753A92EE 1.2.I.A Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas led to widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans. - 406e20da-f7ba-4f79-ac76-a959f3c836ab KC-5.3.II.E Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century. - 4A0628EB-2F36-48C6-8F25-2B6D83627FA4 KC-6.1.II.C Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders. - 2F91070F-A70A-4D02-BACC-8B481FD8218F KC-9.3.II.B The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the protection of civil liberties and human rights. - 09F3341C-C484-489B-A22E-3D09AFC50EC4 KC-2.2.I.D Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. - 9D8E9478-8F66-4874-90F0-75A628265B38 KC-7.2.II Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. - D6554A36-44A4-4C45-853B-555950AC2F78 KC-7.3.II.D In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism. - 0E57E52F-E78C-446B-BAEE-6C74EB251EA8 2.B Explain the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience of a source. - 708FC434-524A-441F-A5EB-CF89D8A0B3A1 KC-5.2.I.B African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves' escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. - 8CE825ED-2DEC-4783-940C-1A5A68AF25BB KC-7.2.II.D Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory government policies toward Mexican immigration. - C14BC1AC-F2E0-4759-A8B1-3133CFC4D2AA KC-4.1.II.B A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. - 3E0B3B64-917F-4750-B577-602402A7BA84 KC-6.3.II.A The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government. - 1344A73B-45E7-4B7D-BF20-B23D44791161 KC-3.2.II.C.i Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution. - 71C25AAB-1D09-49DD-8ECA-A9B2B5B53676 KC-7.3.I.C The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines. - 7AD689FC-F05B-4199-8CFA-D9A39EA5BBBE KC-1.1.I Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. - 0801BDDB-9659-42DC-B125-26D92E0A402B KC-5.3.I.B Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. - 965A3B61-1E70-41AD-9968-F3008C648944 KC-6.1.II.B.ii The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration. - 0BBE6D5F-CEAE-4510-8578-B3E42B56143B KC-9.3.II.D Despite economic and foreign policy challenges, the United States continued as the world's leading superpower in the 21st century. - 04A5A315-C430-434A-805D-01F843C199C9 KC-6.1.II A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns. - 6672F74E-16CB-4E68-BBFD-797B8BC65318 KC-5.1.II.C U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups' economic self-sufficiency and cultures. - D22E3EC2-8C6C-49EE-9A8F-489838974D30 KC-7.1.II.A Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. - BDD1DBFF-9047-4B13-98FA-667C41968FC1 KC-6.1.I.B.i Businesses made use of technological innovations and greater access to natural resources to dramatically increase the production of goods. - 70B400E9-1D99-42D2-81E9-7C0600DE7396 KC-6.1.I.D Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth. - C0719CE7-09DD-4CCA-9B53-E66C3B879FE7 KC-8.2.I.B.i The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) to promote greater racial equality. - 140BF2DC-92B6-4A9B-A487-C588C38D0D24 KC-8.1.II.B Although anti-communist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate anti-war protests that became more numerous as the war escalated and sometimes led to violence. - A508B166-977B-4399-9EDD-8C52FC50CDB1 KC-3.1.II.B Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. - E00B0E00-840B-4DA1-B5A3-398A42C1B7AF KC-6.3.I New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. - 478D72C7-70E0-4C83-A642-03DFCFD05242 KC-6.1.I.E.i Businesses increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America. - 39ECECDE-7AFB-4EF2-A523-E7DD287D7EFF KC-3.2.I.C During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. - 0B2B9A57-FF01-4AC6-97DF-4B3A251A0C55 KC-7.3.I.B Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the United States should not extend its territory overseas. - EB0B6DA5-68CD-45CB-8FC2-C669B5BBAF36 KC-8.1.II Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties. - 98006681-4277-4595-BBC3-E2C1FF5CEBA0 1 Developments and Processes - 4341AB1B-D6A6-4894-9916-3B527FBC5F5A KC-7.1.II.B On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and women's suffrage. - 0EA27015-7A65-4CA9-B402-FF875CD83889 KC-9.3.II.C Conflicts in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment. - 6F96521A-2779-4BEF-9311-36200AC139ED KC-7.3.I In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America's role in the world. - B955FFAC-87F7-4F05-9B44-4A6F3F4D73DD KC-9.3.I.A Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions, and a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons. - 620759E0-0A3D-4C3F-9F0F-507894081C0B 6.B Support an argument using specific and relevant evidence. - CDA8C4A6-9729-4D37-AF3B-3960D8708DF5 KC-1.2.III.B As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance. - FAFBA25E-3513-4EE3-83CD-7A7D4C2E332B KC-8.2.II Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment. - 0E95B183-0244-43B8-9D7C-D91CE8F4CFC1 3.A Identify and describe a claim and/or argument in a text-based or non-text-based source. - 04FD85B7-BA80-4D68-B51D-5D55445A7A2C KC-5.3.I.C Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding democratic ideals. - 8214FB8D-A683-4C6C-B4E1-38D88E254B17 KC-7.1.I The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. - C490D065-D798-477C-ABB1-EE0B13BC1091 KC-1.1.I.B Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. - 8D8A5690-0545-4188-AFAB-F3D547103494 KC-8.2.II.D Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources. The federal government established new environmental programs and regulations. - 8C68C25C-7B58-49AF-9A3C-75FFD0A2656D KC-4.1.I.D Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery and economic policy. - 1279E10B-CDFB-4A43-B891-2C0475F0A688 KC-4.2.III.B Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. - E66BAAFA-B15B-4A53-B40B-20DAE3B1CD4B KC-8.2.III.C In the 1960s, conservatives challenged liberal laws and court decisions and perceived moral and cultural decline, seeking to limit the role of the federal government and enact more assertive foreign policies. - 0AA1FEB1-0C22-4798-90B8-C3D355940CE7 KC-5.2.I.C Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states' rights were protected by the Constitution. - F3800B7D-9521-4BF8-80C5-45E43162B719 KC-8.3.II.B.i Feminists who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents' generation and advocated changes in sexual norms. - 092B88F6-05F0-4CFA-8A91-FD0369A7F286 KC-2.1.II.A The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco, a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. - 7B7F8E1E-75DF-4BE7-AED7-2D3EC8EC6320 KC-8.2.I.B.ii The three branches of the federal government used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality. - B8CA6CD6-4637-423B-B859-FB474CE037E3 KC-8.2.II.A Feminist and gay and lesbian activists mobilized behind claims for legal, economic, and social equality. - 8AB68F09-8BA9-4EF7-BD6A-96D6A480380B KC-2.1.II.B The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. - BEBA55A5-FB59-40EB-B9DC-C2FFFE9F7177 KC-7.2.II.A.ii After World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. - 243DC8A8-D854-4388-9CCB-780BF74F7935 KC-9.1.I.C Policy debates continued over free-trade agreements, the scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. financial system. - 1E9635CC-756C-4598-968C-5715EECD7861 5.A Identify patterns among or connections between historical developments and processes. - CE72DD16-9E24-4D99-9B19-D01731D92F56 KC-6.1.II.D Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy, a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a "New South", agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South. - 184187B5-4E41-4804-90F9-052393391244 KC-5.3.II.A The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. - D9F984B2-99C3-4B11-9A30-24079B102709 KC-6.3.II.C The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality. - C0B715A0-A435-4A3B-B66E-F94E3674C258 KC-8.1.I.D.ii Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Asia led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned. - 4C7125F4-F395-4A0A-9E6F-F9404510E14D KC-7.2.II.C In the Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination. - 7E2CE437-A985-4ADD-A62E-470D48DF83B6 2 Causation - CD1267BF-95CE-4C42-A32D-BD36CB2C29DB KC-9.1.I.A Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980 represented an important milestone, allowing conservatives to enact significant tax cuts and continue the deregulation of many industries. - 557A4412-5EEA-464C-A5EB-C08C536827D4 KC-4.1.II.D Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. - 53EC19EC-DD86-48BC-B733-34A678841A68 KC-7.3.III.B The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country's strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of U.S. troops. - C1E43693-6731-4E00-945D-E5C6B9F12783 KC-1.2.III In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. - A5BB6528-A606-4518-AE2F-C34316BBE4D7 KC-8.2.III.B.ii A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties. - 818FFFCD-A288-4662-AD9B-98EEFED6011E 4.2.I.A Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, canals, railroads, and the telegraph, as well as agricultural inventions, both extended markets and brought efficiency to production for those markets. - 85422fc1-815f-41d0-8855-ee16ae70c385 KC-4.2.III Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. - 0D7E90E4-1F0C-4870-BDF0-7C52CC6A6D27 KC-1.1.I.D Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean. - D952DE30-A0E7-4B94-B8F3-C28D40776DD0 KC-2.1.III.B Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. - 19CB48E3-0B56-46CA-842B-431CAE2CFB69 KC-6.2.II.D The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty. - 6F5535DE-D90D-4E4C-BA59-6485024BB00E KC-2.1.III.A An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. - 18C19B90-09B6-4DA1-90B0-9E6AB8EE4AC6 KC-3.2.I.B The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based. - E1E60B7A-9136-4BB1-9A29-5DD5F885713C 4.2.I.B Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women in factories and low-skilled male workers, no longer relied on semisubsistence agriculture but made their livelihoods producing goods for distant markets, even as some urban entrepreneurs went into finance rather than manufacturing. - ccdd375d-5501-4dec-aca6-7d92c872cb72 KC-4.1.III.B.ii Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. - 7C9C8760-8F70-472A-9013-15EA97205B9C KC-7.3.II.A After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson's call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles. - 80BC6BF3-0889-4B50-B314-4B625DB2A5DB KC-9.2.I.C Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, and union membership declined. - AE62FAB0-75AA-4193-994D-E300CBD7441B KC-7.3.III.E The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on Earth. - A10F099B-3109-4D1B-AE63-5350E084AC7A KC-4.2.I New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. - 6C7E732F-9343-4FDB-AF76-914D2C74152D 3.C Compare the arguments or main ideas of two sources. - 070FEAC1-1A66-4A8B-84E4-0E40ECA8A54F KC-7.2.II.B.ii The increased demand for war production and labor during World War II and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities. - 11B9854B-393E-4A65-8E56-1EDBC0230C63 KC-7.3.II.C Despite Wilson's deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. - 6E92E878-D451-486E-A403-9944C96B040C KC-4.3.II.B.i Antislavery movements increased in the North. - 96188501-B2AB-49C7-93AF-83EC8A7C5956 KC-3.1.I.B Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies. - 4F548811-938C-44AE-888A-1C7B3C9B5A9C KC-2.1.II.C The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. - E4CB0352-0687-4D7E-A13A-6239229B2CDF KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South. - E70BAB55-309B-40BC-91AF-BC198AF15B46 KC-6.1.II.B.i The industrial workforce expanded and child labor increased. - 0BCC8895-17E2-4747-8437-F3F47B04C272 KC-1.2.III.A Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. - 47396932-1E0A-4B93-A7F2-D74658A94BB4 KC-7.3.III U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership. - E6A18302-3166-48B4-B303-B6EAEB7AADBF KC-8.1.II.A Americans debated policies and methods designed to expose suspected communists within the United States even as both parties supported the broader strategy of containing communism. - 114A3E62-701D-48B4-A953-7EA370576236 KC-8.3.II.B.ii Young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents' generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms. - 098FA701-3DB7-445C-B563-C8B599D8AD7D KC-5.1.I.A The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. - 6B52032D-9C27-4988-B9A3-A55C329C99E0 KC-8.1.I.E Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the United States supported non-Communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy. - 16F1F3F5-179E-4CE2-82BE-751BDA0CEFF7 KC-4.1.I.B Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. - 718080FF-DD1C-4AB2-9135-90F14DF91E74 KC-6.1.III New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers. - EB3DDA50-A3E2-4B77-8177-ADA5BA2F8E64 KC-1.2.II.B In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. - F587EC4B-705A-4074-A5D6-D2F64FE5E242 KC-7.1.II In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures. - 47E7F45A-6FFE-4ED3-BC81-323A21EA9A1E KC-2.2.II.C Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. - 909C477C-3AAF-410A-BE53-C3EE86D120EC KC-9.2.II The U.S. population continued to undergo demographic shifts that had significant cultural and political consequences. - 64A8FF80-730A-4A34-9E53-DA30F27039F5 KC-8.2.1.C Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965. - 5D0C7C50-C38F-435A-912A-0A3D0BA2223B KC-9.3.I The Reagan administration promoted an interventionist foreign policy that continue in later administrations, even after the end of the Cold War. - BF6B274D-ACFC-4F9C-A9E9-2FA170800679 KC-6.2.I.C Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States. - 8714DA08-D75C-4893-9124-5D54B89F7B15 KC-9.2.II.A After 1980, the political, economic, and cultural influence of the American South and West continued to increase as population shifted to those areas. - 7808FEC2-0CFB-43CA-ACAB-7ED150AAADE1 KC-6.3.II.B.i Many women, like Jane Addams, worked in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs. - 60FF5CCF-7E6F-454F-BF0B-52BEA34C3708 KC-8.3.II.C The rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations was accompanied by greater political and social activism on the part of religious conservatives. - 6111B488-A660-4996-88EE-1CA5D949CB2E KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives. - 990FE437-C818-47DA-9270-2C26F262DBF6 KC-6.2.II.A The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity. - 8DB88A0D-0A1E-4DD1-B880-D19F7ABB5441 KC-8.2.I.A During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilizing a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics. - 6D574610-1912-4F74-8F93-0BCDC94366F7 KC-9.3.I.C The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions, as well as continued debates over the appropriate use of American power in the world. - C95EA9D1-E097-49FB-B36B-5A59489D583B KC-4.1.III.A Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. - 88B29AAA-FA87-41FA-9A9E-C1EC9FD0BD52 KC-2.2.I.B The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism. - 268F2C68-98DE-487B-A44B-790FD243AB5F KC-8.3.I.A A burgeoning private sector, federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments helped spur economic growth. - BC4F30F3-8162-48E5-ACFC-EB3925CC1D18 KC-6.2.II.B In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. - 23953CEC-B896-417E-A1A0-0BE4E4EBC97C KC-1.2.I.A European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. - AAC73E3F-919A-425D-BEF8-3A533D1D1768 5.B Explain how a historical development or process relates to another historical development or processes. - 01DD28E4-BDA2-4D4C-B59C-34D3736F6920 KC-5.1.I.D Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development. - 24FF0F91-D729-4D6A-B1A9-E908998005B9 KC-7.2.II.B.i The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities. - F885CC28-30B4-43BA-9637-970286980B7E KC-3.3.I.E The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending. - 03DD3F2D-1367-42F3-AC74-A685CF9296C6 KC-8.1.I.D.i Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned. - E3C3EFD4-81F8-4BFB-8084-536830EE57CF KC-7.2.I.D In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration. - 08E3B7CD-12E3-4574-B4AD-791F2EA91521 1.A Identify a historical concept, development, or process. - E64218F7-CDC5-4766-8499-30722757FB66 KC-3.2.III.A During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. - 7D27CC05-B317-430F-8461-83CD785A1F4E KC-3.2.II.E In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government. - 25A6F422-EE6B-4966-8E7C-FC83EED49D0C KC-1.2.II.A Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas. - 092AEEE7-58B7-4807-B44C-5FBBDB2FD66B KC-3.2.III.i New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. - B96B7D1E-764B-4784-8A34-D8C562E02F69 KC-6.2.I.E Corporations' need for managers and for male and female clerical workers, as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture. - 416BCBA6-08B5-4750-950D-D53729DE6BAC KC-9.2.II.C Intense political and cultural debates continued over issues such as immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures. - C859139F-6A5A-4481-AF2B-7970162921AB KC-5.1.II.B A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence. - D87B2FA7-B06C-42E1-8006-59FD8E96909F KC-6.3.I.C A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society. - C0DCC04D-3DC2-4EFF-AA4E-3E44FC39E018 KC-2.2.I.C The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies. - 20B87467-C3B9-49D2-BC2F-90E2CEF5BD0B KC-4.3.I.A.i Following the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. government sought influence and control over North America through a variety of means, including exploration and diplomatic efforts. - DAF8AB73-917F-4B86-81CD-4E216341E84C KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system. - 3BFF4120-BD8F-45DA-814B-2BAD4E8DE359 KC-3.2.II After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. - 45A10EEC-EBA9-4970-9B98-E39D48258AD4 KC-3.1.II.D In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement. - A8084D61-EB31-40D5-9137-561C89443CAB KC-5.3.II.C Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve. - FEEC3F57-3E08-49EB-AC19-C462F0C538D4 6.D Corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument using diverse and alternative evidence in order to develop a complex argument. This argument might: - 298EE192-4E4F-4D49-8B4A-AC382E23FE6A KC-4.3.II.C Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery. - C5804F93-0A32-41C1-AC0B-9026DFF10EFF KC-6.2.I.A As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions. - B28DF9BA-3A6E-47CA-ABFF-9EEF99BEA618 KC-8.3.II New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation. - CD30F6B5-3020-4A8F-A458-E0C3DA9032CB KC-2.2.II.A All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. - C15AFD3A-9800-47EC-9DD9-22B06067CC30 KC-8.2.III.D Some groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad. - 0E5AA741-B8DD-4F62-9283-CEE26D0D5D89 5.1.II.A Substantial numbers of new international migrants , who often lived in ethnic communities and retained their religion, language, and customs , entered the country prior to the Civil War, giving rise to a major, often violent nativist movement that was strongly anti-Catholic and aimed at limiting immigrants' cultural influence and political and economic power. - 637971d4-214c-4ba0-abe0-6152a86a5b97 KC-8.1.I.B.ii Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Vietnam. - DDAE11EF-0C8F-442F-94CD-228B2E3341C9 KC-3.2.I The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. - FEC4C826-E4E7-4097-84A0-4C0EBBD4C7D2 1.B Explain a historical concept, development, or process. - 8F9539B8-29C7-45A0-A19A-D74287DFFD97 KC-2.2.I.A The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. - 8AC48872-82B8-410B-BEC4-C3D1CE8A72BA KC-8.2.III.B.i Liberal ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programs to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues. - 43157251-AF13-49DB-B452-9B241807E5EE 3 Claims and Evidence in Sources - E2D958DB-FEFE-4032-B12E-79264752E0EE KC-1.1.I.A The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. - CAAA6B35-9C4C-4719-B80E-95C26DB9C366 KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. - CC4EBACC-5D88-47AA-9BF4-D496DF3CD2F6 KC-7.3.II.B Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the United States' entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies. - 527CC9EC-95EF-4EA9-BC52-A424C087F448 KC-4.2.II.A Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets. - 3C12D0AF-A0DC-49AB-96B0-B99EC793BCEA 2.C Explain the significance of a source's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience, including how these might limit the use(s) of a source. - 5552C1CE-EEBE-41F1-BBA0-DDE212887DF4 KC-6.2.I.D In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. - 12319A95-0B8B-4828-8041-C6E0EF855FE0 KC-5.1.I.E U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. - FCB63D18-308E-4786-BB5D-4B3E7A554137 KC-7.2.I.B Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such as the Harlem Renaissance movement. - 3B35EED4-39B7-47D8-8023-591F29D146C0 KC-1.2.I European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. - 4C249C84-875C-4376-ABE7-C757E5041265 KC-4.3.II.B.ii In the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. - 3FC7F17C-A60C-428C-B5C7-58722DD3FB32 KC-7.2.II.A.i Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. - BC7BFF7E-4664-4119-9E46-BDB19D332CF7 KC-7.2.I Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity. - 4656F8D0-AEEE-4AF7-B219-2C91526A0A89 KC-8.1.I.B.i Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea. - E850184B-D1AC-4C55-80CD-488DC768894D KC-1.2.I.B The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. - 64799106-4AEF-4CB2-A6A0-ECA0F32139DD KC-1.2.II.D The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire. - F2E0D485-40AB-4120-8198-A1B9848DB343 KC-4.2.III.A Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing Northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. - 47D56372-0D06-45E7-82BA-4E8D77CC043D KC-9.2.I.D Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality. - 3EA6ADF9-9CB3-42DA-902F-1BBA1D4291E9 KC-2.1.III.E British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England. - FE5704EC-E8A7-45FC-8D2A-77B1804AEC05 KC-3.3.I.D An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands. - 74BA2901-A432-4000-B39D-CAD09FCC89DB KC-1.2.III.C Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. - D3E4E1E8-AB3E-4E16-A9FD-5A60E2595CE5 KC-6.3.II Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government. - E2411337-E84F-482C-87C6-930958ECB02A KC-5.1.II.A Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. - 76311352-10BA-4F2E-B5F5-059D531EBCD2 KC-7.2.I.A New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures. - EBDCDEF9-045D-4B43-94A2-ECD42BE075C7 KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. - 54CDDE2A-78B3-4DF3-A887-9CE83C84E55A KC-4.1.III.B.i Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans' rights. - CCD9EF92-C8D0-45BB-915B-8713F39ABA04 KC-6.2.I International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture. - 4564AC0B-3BA6-452D-AE87-635F377C7864 KC-8.3.I.B As higher education opportunities and new technologies rapidly expanded, increasing social mobility encouraged the migration of the middle class to the suburbs and of many Americans to the South and West. The Sun Belt region emerged as a significant political and economic force. - C0C872C4-172B-496B-8921-576D79692291 KC-9.3.II Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy efforts focused on fighting terrorism around the world. - FBE881FE-46BB-4996-97B7-BDB1187FD381 KC-7.2.I.C Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture. - DE60913E-030C-4821-AFBE-4226C3561067 KC-3.2.II.A Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. - 0DD05293-96B1-4701-89FF-A2B4D0791A56 KC-5.1.I.B Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. - C22B8563-64F3-47CA-982D-3FD32B0C28A9 KC-3.2.III.ii New forms of national culture 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